1. Form: to have (present tense)+ the past participle of the main verb.
Positive: Subject to have past participle
She has finished.
Negative: Subject to have + not past participle
She hasn't finished.
Interrogative positive: to have subject past participle
Has she finished...?
Interrogative negative: to have + not subject past participle
Hasn't she finished...?
Example: to leave (irregular verb), present perfect form
Affirmative: I have left
Negative: I haven't left
Interrogative: Have I left?
2. Use:
The present perfect is used for a complete action: We are thinking of the result when describing:
EXAMPLES:
- Tindakan atau situasi yang dimulai pada masa lampau dan masih berjalan/ dilanjutkan sampai sekarang.
I have lived in Canada since 1984. (and I still do) - Tindakan yang dilaksanakan pada suatu saat dan belum selesai.
She has been to the doctor twice this week. (and the week isn't over yet) - Tindakan yang diulang dalam periode waktu yang tidak tertentu antara masa lalu dan sekarang.
We have visited London several times. - Tindakan yang sudah diselesaikan beberapa waktu yang lalu (ditandai dengan kata 'just')
I have just finished my work. - Tindakan yang akibat/hasilnya merupakan hal yang penting sedangkan unsur waktunya tidak penting.
He has seen ‘Harry Potter’.
Present Perfect atau past simple?
Sangat Penting:
- Ketika kita memberikan atau menanyakan rincian mengenai when, where, who, Kita gunakan Simple Past. Contoh: He saw ‘Harry Potter’ last week.
- Gunakan present perfect ketika waktu tidak penting.
- Gunakan simple past ketika waktu atau tempat penting.
3. PRESENT PERFECT + for, since
- Ketika berbicara mengenai durasi waktu, kita menggunakan Present Perfect dengan kata "for" ditambah periode waktu.
- Ketika berbicara mengenai titik awal kegiatan, kita menggunakan Present Perfect dengan kata "since" ditambah titik waktunya.
For + a period of time: for six years, for a week, for a month, for hours, for two hours.
Contoh:
I have worked here for five years. She has lived here for twenty years. They have been married for six months.
Since + a point in time: since this morning, since last week, since yesterday,
since I was 12, since Friday, since 6 o'clock.
Contoh:
I have lived here since 1998. They have been married since June. We have been at this school since last year.
4. PRESENT PERFECT + adverbs (ever, never, already, yet, still)
'Ever' dan 'never' selalu ditempatkan sebelum past participle.
'Ever' = sometime before now, digunakan pada:
- Pada Kalimat Tanya
Have you ever been to Canada?
Has she ever met someone famous? - Pada Kalimat Tanya Negatif
Haven't they ever been to Canada?
Haven't you ever eaten Thai food? - Dalam Kalimat Positif yang menggunakan bentuk "nothing.......ever, nobody.......ever".
Nobody has ever said that to me before.
Nothing like that has ever happened to me. - 'Ever' juga digunakan dengan kata 'The first time.... e.g.
It's the first time I've ever eaten Thai food.
This is the first time I've ever been to Canada.
'Never' = not ever. Never digunakan setelah have/has.
I have never visited London. I’ve never been so sick.
Already, yet dan still. Dapat ditempatkan sebelum kata kerja utama (past participle) atau pada akhir kalimat.
Already = sooner than expected, digunakan:
a. I've already heard the story five times.
b. Most people have already gone.
Juga digunakan dalam kalimat tanya:
a. Have you already rang Mike?
b. Has he arrived already?
Yet digunakan dalam kalimat negatif dan pertanyaan ketika kita mengarapkan sesuatu untuk terjadi dan diletakkan di akhir kalimat.
a. Have you bought a ticket yet?
b. I haven't met her yet.
c. Has your course started yet?
d. They haven't arrived yet.
Still = continuing longer than expected. Still lebih kuat dari pada Yet dan sering menandakan situasi yang berlangsung sangat lama.
a. She isn’t home yet. She’s still at work.
b. I still haven’t found what I’m looking for.
c. I’m still thinking about it.
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